Convertible loans - who uses them and why are they risky?

Summary

Convertible loans are a flexible financing option that combine elements of debt and equity. They are typically provided by investors, such as venture capital firms and angel investors, but can also come from other sources, including existing shareholders, corporate lenders, or government-backed funding schemes. These loans are interest-bearing and must be repaid unless converted into shares under specific conditions. Convertible loans typically allow businesses to access funding fairly quickly, often ahead of a full equity round. Convertible loans often come with onerous terms and can result in future dilution of ownership and loss of control over the company. This is because the lender will often receive shares in the company at a discount to the next funding round price, or based on a valuation cap. If the company’s valuation increases significantly, this can lead to substantial dilution for the founder and existing shareholders. Over time, this can result in the borrower losing a controlling interest in the business, especially if the company raises multiple rounds of funding or if the loan is converted into a large equity stake. The lender may even demand board representation.

Key information

• Payment Default - the lender can demand full repayment of the loan (plus any accrued interest), which can place significant financial strain on the company. If the borrower cannot repay the loan, this could lead to costly debt collection actions or legal proceedings and could force the company into insolvency.
• Non-Conversion Default - if the loan is not converted into equity within the expected timeframe or if no conversion event occurs (e.g., a new funding round), this may trigger a default. The lender may then demand immediate repayment of the loan amount in cash, which could be difficult for the borrower, particularly if the company hasn’t yet raised sufficient capital.
• Breach of Covenant or Warranty - such as failure to meet agreed financial targets, failure to disclose material changes, such as new debts, changes in management, or loss of key customers and/or inability to maintain required financial ratios (e.g., debt-to-equity ratio).
• Change of Control - a change of control clause allows the lender to declare a default if there is a significant change in the ownership or control of the company. This might occur if the company is sold, merged, or undergoes significant restructuring.
• Material Adverse Change (MAC) - clause which allows the lender to declare the loan in default if there is a significant, negative shift in the company's financial health or business prospects.
• Interest Rates - try to negotiate for a lower interest rate. Convertible loans often have interest rates ranging from 5% to 10%. A lower interest rate means less financial burden on the business, especially if the loan is not converted into equity for a longer period.
• Loan Repayment Terms - seek flexible repayment options, such as the ability to extend the loan or negotiate a lower repayment schedule in the event of financial difficulties.
• Clear Definitions of Default - carefully define what constitutes a default and ensure that minor breaches do not trigger an automatic default. Negotiating more flexibility on covenants and warranties can prevent premature defaults from triggering repayment demands.
• Avoidance of Acceleration - try to negotiate for limited acceleration clauses. For example, if the loan defaults, ask for a gradual repayment plan rather than immediate full repayment. This provides more time for the borrower to arrange funds.
• Enforcement Restrictions - ensure that the lender cannot take drastic enforcement actions, such as forcing liquidation or taking control of the company, unless there is a genuine and significant breach.
• Limit Conversion to a Minority Stake - seek a cap on the percentage of equity the lender can hold after conversion to ensure the lender doesn’t gain control of the company.
• Early Repayment Options - negotiate the ability to repay the loan early without heavy penalties. This gives the company more flexibility if it achieves better financial stability or secures alternative financing options.

Practical guidance

• Source: Convertible loans - who uses them and why are they risky?

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